Saturday, August 22, 2020

Comparing and Contrasting Between an Article and a Story

Question: Examine about theComparing and Contrasting Between an Article and a Story. Answer: Presentation The article and the story uncover the ideal impacts of the assault on world exchange community New York. The story basically draws out the circumstances upon the arrival of the assault on world exchange community. As expressed by (S.Thompson, 2001), when the plane hit the world exchange community he was expounding on sports and soon the situation changed into an incredible calamity. Wherever in various news channels, there was just single updates on this fiasco uncovering the quantity of passings of individuals which got raised up to 20000 individuals. Then again, the article on delaying of numerous games depicts the rescheduling of the football coordinates because of the assault on the world exchange community. As indicated by the storyteller of the article (Litsky And Williams cleared, 2001) have assessed the scenes uncovering the rescheduling of the matches and including the various gatherings alongside the clubs as to talk about the issue. On looking at the two it has been discovered that the story Dread Loathing in America is seen as increasingly viable as it helps in assessing the various realities of the debacle and the activities taken or which should have been taken by Mr. George Bush. There has been a correlation made of the calamity with that of the Pearl Harbor and the seismic tremor at San Francisco and in the article, the examination of the rescheduling of the matches has been contrasted and the playing of the end of the week games on 22 Nov, 1963. Subsequently, the examination between the story and the article brings out people groups thinking with respect to the debacle and the adjustment in the choices made so as to assess the viability of the individuals all through the nation. The story is by all accounts increasingly successful as contrasted and the article as it explained the happenings upon the arrival of the assault (S.Thompson, 2001). The story unmistakably draws out the realities clarifying the all the happenings just as the preventive and therapeutic activities taken by the legislature. One needs to comprehend the impacts of the fiasco from the story Dread Loathing in America, instead of searching for the rescheduling of the matches imprinted on the article. References Litsky and Williamssept, F. (2001).Many Sporting Events Called Off or Postponed(1st ed.). New York: New York Times. S.Thompson, H. (2001).Fear Loathing in America(1st ed.). ESPN.com.

Saturday, August 1, 2020

Books to Read if You Love TV

Books to Read if You Love TV I love TV. As a guilty pleasure, as a hobby, as an academic subject, and honestly,  as a close friend. I think it is one of the most important and powerful mediums, especially these days when it is consumed so widely and quickly. And I love reading about TV a lot. These are some books I have liked, ranging from essay collections to edited volumes on particular TV shows. These arent like how to become a TV writer type books (if you know of some, holla) but more meditative or research based. Ranging from works by journalists to biographers to academics to really big fans, I think these books each give a particular lens to television and the show (or shows) they are invested in. Emily Nussbaum, The New Yorkers TV Critic, just published a collection of criticism,   I Like to Watch.  It is a mark of a great critic when I can read criticism of a show I have never watched, or even been that interested in, and jump right in. Her criticism is about TV yes, but also explores why we watch and why we love it. Her essay on #metoo and her own teenage obsession with Woody Allen is thought provoking. I also love the wide range-sure she writes about The Sopranos and other peak tv but she also writes about Sex and the City, Jane the Virgin, and Vanderpump Rules. It is an amazing book and you can feel the earnest love for Television as art in every page. Screwball Television: Critical Perspectives on Gilmore Girls. This is an edited academic volume (stay with me) published 6 years before Gilmore Girls A Year in the Life came to Netflix and collectively ruined Rory Gilmore. Here, you can read about depictions of Asian American women, the role of bibliophilia, and Stars Hollow as American Exceptionalism. The authors clearly love Gilmore Girls but were aware of the blind spots and contributions years before I was at least. In My Humble Opinion: My So Called Life by Soraya Roberts is a delightful little book (from the Pop Classics series) mediating on the importance of Angela Chase and Jordan Catalano is our collective consciousness. Its great fun and also a good short read. The Dark Fantastic: Race and the Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games by Ebony Elizabeth Thomas isnt only about Television (movies too) but her discussions of race in both The Vampire Diaries and Merlin are amazing. Even if you arent a part of #bachelornation, Amy Kaufmans Bachelor Nation: Inside the World of Americas Favorite Guilty Pleasure is a great look at why the Bachelor franchise has such staying power. As a journalist who covered the Bachelor for ages (and got banned by ABC) Kaufman has gotten lots of inside details from contestants, producers, celebrities, etc about the show and what it is like to be on it. But what I think is even more interesting is her examination of the cultural fascination with the bachelor. Why do we watch this? What does it say about our expectations of romance, of entertainment, of TV? Its a great book. The Good Neighbor: The Life and Work of Fred Rogers by Maxwell King will probably induce both nostalgia and tears. Unlike the other books I have suggested here, this is of course a biography and focuses on Fred Rogers life both before and after Mr. Rogers. But in learning more about Rogers life, his character seems even more and real important. This isnt to say that Rogers was Mr. Rogers, but that he put himself into developing Mr. Rogers and making television for kids in a really profound way.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The Monster or Beauty of Advertisement Essay - 1279 Words

In life, nothing is hardly ever clear, as if there’s never just one side over the other, but more commonly a mix of both. This idea applies to something that appears in almost everyone’s life, advertisements. For every TV owner, laptop user, or shopper, it’s nearly impossible to escape the grasp of advertisements. But a current controversy that catching people’s attention is the idea that advertisements can possibly be manipulative instead of the expected persuasive advertisement. In â€Å"Two Ways a Can Get Hurt,† Jean Kilbourne believes that advertisements degrade and possibly even remove women from power. Also, in â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything,† by William Lutz, the idea that open words, and how companies can use these tactics†¦show more content†¦When looking at Kilbourne’s two premises it is easy to agree with premise one, that commercials do degrade women, but there doesn’t seem to be the connect ion between women being degraded, to these commercials being manipulative. In the printed ad â€Å"Cigarette Women,† there is a small picture with a male and female actress, not very clear, but still noticeable. To the ignorant eye, it would be viewed as harmless, but in the eyes of Kilbourne it speaks so much more. The position of the women in the picture could be seen as helpless and dependent on the man who has a powerful stance. The clothes on these two models could be seen in a similar way with the man being fully clothed in a business, while the woman is in a short white dress. These are two factors that do show this picture to be degrading and provocative, but it isn’t manipulating. Manipulation can be seen with having the traits of being forceful, by being tricky, or to falsify for one owns advantage. This picture of the man and the women is not forceful by any means, is does not threaten or pump fear in the minds of the audience. There doesn’t seem to be anything falsified to be tricky for the advertisement company’s own good. So Kilbourne’s idea that by degrading women these companies are manipulative, is false. They use the factors of persuasion by inducing, or prevail, or urge on successfully. The urge is created by theShow MoreRelatedMedia s Perception Of Beauty For Women933 Words   |  4 Pages When I watched Slim Hopes I was quickly reminded of the impact media has on the definition of beauty for women. The introduction of the video caught my attention and set the tone for the rest of the video. The introduction was versatile in its showcase of the medias impact on ones perspective. Jean Kilbourne is knowledgeable about the media’s perception of beautiful women, and how through history they have carried out that agenda. The main point of this video Slim Hopes is to educate viewers onRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Gender Socialization Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia and in advertisements is biased based on gender. Ads for fragrance are no longer equitable; they are for cologne and perfume separately. As the businesses made money, a latent consequence arose. Those who grew in the days of binary gender products and segregated items became socialized to fit what was advertised. Boys targeted by monster truck commercials became conditioned to believe that they c ould only play with monster trucks and should compete with their friend’s monster trucks. GirlsRead MoreBlack Desert Online : Interview With Marketing Manager Rick Van Beem1191 Words   |  5 Pagesfrowned upon. Mine is late only because they made these changes late. If you tell your poeple something will be free in the marketing. Even if you change it later and start charging them for it its still false advertisement. Let me give some inmortant Defenition b4 we start. False advertisement: Deceptive advertising, also known as false advertising, refers to a manufacturer s use of confusing, misleading, or blatantly untrue statements when promoting a product. Advertising law will protect consumersRead MoreFilm Analysis : Beautiful Me 1152 Words   |  5 PagesManley December 8, 2016 â€Å"Beautiful Me† We live in a society where the media control us by using television, the Internet, radio, magazines, and even celebrities to shaped our views on what is considered beautiful. By creating advertisements with unrealistic images of beauty and use of plastic surgery, cosmetics, photoshop, and name brand items the media purposely targets our youth. Selling its idealisms to teenagers and young adults who struggle with low self-esteem, low self- confidence, and depressionRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Eating Disorders1042 Words   |  5 Pagesportraying thin, stereotypically attractive bodies, exacerbates the phenomenon of body dissatisfaction, and in consequence may be partly responsible for the increase in the prevalence of eating disorders (Helen Champion). There is this false perception of beauty that our society is constantly throwing at us. We are seeing more eating disorders and more low self-esteem issues from a result of our societies unattainable standards. It needs to stop. So many women nowadays feel they do not fit into society’sRead MoreSmoking Has Changed Through The Years905 Words   |  4 Pagesworker or even an office worker. It showed that one had â€Å"class† because you were a refined person with a good paying job (White, Cameron,Oliffe, Bottorff). In many cases, smoking was considered beautiful for a women to smoke, in addition to her daily beauty routine. It was also associated with a strong, hardworking, and handsome man who all the woman would try to get a date with. Many people were misled by the cigarette companies who claimed that their cigarettes were easy on the throat. The cigaretteRead MoreAnalysis Of Pico Iyers Article Why We Travel 1094 Words   |  5 Pagesourselves,† and â€Å"we are objects of scrutiny.† Through David Sedaris’s works, â€Å"Standing By,† we are able to see how critical observations of one another is a more internal issue than external. Having new eyes is a state of mind which is a subtler beauty. On the contrary, if you are constantly traveling from place to place with the same eyes (same mentality and norms) then anything foreign will taint your perception on what you are looking at. Iyer writes himself, â€Å"we are, as Hazlitt puts it, justRead MoreNot Much Change With Kid Movies1234 Words   |  5 PagesNot Much Change with Kid Movies I grew up watching all the Disney, Pixar, and DreamWorks animated films from Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, Toy Story, Monsters Inc., and Shrek. In high school, a peer of mine named Paul Ray asked me, â€Å"Who is your favorite princess?† My response was Mulan and was not shocked, instead he gave me this sarcastic laugh and â€Å"I knew it and it’s so obvious that you are a feminist.† Of course, I loved watching all the Disney princesses and I still do watch them to this dayRead MoreEssay about Agents of Socialization1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most obvious places agents of socialization lay is in the malls of America. Malls are filled with advertisements and consumed by the mass media touching on all levels of society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;No one is immune from the affect of the agents of socialization that exist in malls. Anyone and everyone who is part of a society is a product of socialization. Within every advertisement, clothing store, toy store, arcade, music store, etc, there is a gender preferred subliminal messageRead MoreTelevision : Violence And Television1187 Words   |  5 Pages Violence and television We live in a society where violence is globalized through films and advertisements. The individual American is exposed to 200,000 advertisements in a day, where Hollywood films portray violence as entertainment and fun, films where bullies and gangs stand out as role models, on the other hand, Hollywood is the main reason kids think, violence is cool and fun. Growing up in a home where I was the youngest boy child in the family. I grew up watching television with

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Stalin and Clay Perspectives Free Essays

Do you think communism was contained well after WWW? I believe that communism was not contained very well after WWW because communism managed to spread to Korea, Vietnam, China and Cuba. Communism parties took control in these countries. This spread of Communism was exactly what we didn’t want because If Communism spread too much then we would lose control of It and then It would spread to most of the Middle East. We will write a custom essay sample on Stalin and Clay Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Losing control of communism would be a disaster, If Communism spread to most of the Middle East hen who knows where else it will go. Luckily Communism didn’t spread to as much of the Middle East as I had feared it would. What is your perspective on the Blockade? I personally believe that the Berlin blockade move made by Stalin was an act of war because by blockading off the vital railways and roads to West Berlin, the USSR were starving a whole civilization. This action was also demonstrating that Stalin was trying to force us to give him our (U. S. Britain, Italy) parts of Berlin to him and this was a very aggressive move, trying to bend us to his will. Why do you hold this perspective? I hold this view because starving a whole civilization and forcing other nations to give him land cannot be anything less than an act of war! Stalin knows this is an act of war but he’s so focused on controlling all of Berlin that he will do what it takes to try bend us over to his demands. We were not going to give in though; I knew that I had to think of a way to deliver supplies to West Berlin. Believe that this move by Stalin was also due to his hatred of the German people. Although what Russia and Stalin suffered during WWW was terrible, he should not be punishing innocent civilians like his in a time so soon after war. What actions did you take as a result of your perspective? We knew we couldn’t let the West Berliners starve, but we also couldn’t give in to Stalin. I originally was going to move Tanks up to the blockade to Intimidate Stalin and make him move the blockade but others thought this might cause war. We decided to airlift supplies to West Berlin, although this was very expensive it was a perfect idea, we used the Berlin airways to send planes over to deliver food and other needed supplies. This would mean that we could supply to Berlin while not taking an aggressive move towards Stalin. What is your perspective on the airlift? The Berlin Airlift was a great success! We managed to supply tons and tons of food to Berlin, we had airplanes landing in West Berlin and taking off every three minutes. We were sending five thousand tons of food every day! This was far more than when we were supplying via railway. Even though I originally wanted to take a more down the planes due to this being considered a war act. He did fly planes extremely close to our planes though. Just under a hundred pilots died because of this aggressive act by Stalin. Why do you hold this perspective? The airlift is what saved the Berliners and also what saved our parts of Berlin. If we didn’t airlift then either West Berlin would starve or we would have to give away our parts of Berlin. The airlift was the perfect counterpart to Stalin’s blockade. He thought he had us in a corner but the airlift proved him wrong. We could supply huge amounts to Berlin quickly and effectively. I believe that Stalin shot himself in the foot by putting up the blockade. We managed to get huge amounts of food to the Berlin people, and we kept our parts of Berlin. This is the opposite of what Stalin wanted. I truly believe that the airlift was one of the best decisions made during the Cold War due to it being non-aggressive and how successful it was for supplying to West Berlin. What are your views on WWW ally USSR now becoming a foe? I think it is a great loss to lose USSR as an ally. They were a very strong fighting force and practically won the war as hard as it is to admit. They did sacrifice a lot to defeat Germany, USSR had 8,806,000 casualties during WWW and that far exceeds everyone else’s. Russia became too greedy after the war though. They wanted to keep Germany weak and wanted to take too much of Germany. I do hope that someday we could become allies again with USSR. Why were you going to take an aggressive approach to the Blockade by moving tanks up? I believe that the Berlin blockade by Stalin was an act of war, and this deserved to be replied to with an aggressive act. I believed that by bringing tanks to the blockade, we could intimidate Stalin and make him take down the Blockade. I believe this would have been a good option, the airlift urine out to be a better option though. By moving tanks up to the blockade this could have started a war so I am glad that we chose to airlift supplies instead of a more aggressive approach. During the Blockade what did you think the relationship between USA and USSR would be like in the future? I believed that the relationship between us and the USSR wouldn’t be the same for a long time. I knew that for at fifty years there would be tension between us due to what is happening right now. There already was tension during WWW before the blockade but now because of the blockade the tension will be rater than ever. I knew that someday, If we became allies, the tension would easy, but that day wouldn’t be for a long, long time. Interview with USSR leader Joseph Stalin: What is your perspective on the Blockade? The blockade was absolutely necessary! The Allies were taking most of Berlin when it was USSR who sacrificed the most during WWW. To make matters worse, the allies merged their parts of Berlin together as to say that they are friends and we are enemies! We didn’t sign any agreement saying that the allies could have access to our railways through to our part of Berlin anyway. We also needed to keep Germany weak and not let them get back to power by supplying so much to them. Why do you hold this perspective? I believe that the blockade was necessary because it us who had 806,000,000 a formal agreement letting allies have access to West Berlin. I put up the blockade because we deserve more of Berlin! If I did nothing and Just let the Allies have most of Berlin then we could never demand anything again. Another reason the blockade was put up was because we have to keep Germany weak! If we keep giving them applies and feeding them, giving them an economy and more luxuries then they will get back to power again. We must keep Germany weak because I will never forget how they treated us, and how many they killed. What is your perspective on the Airlift? The airlift was most definitely propaganda. The allies are saying that they are airlifting simply to supply to West Berlin and not give in to my demands but I know that the airlift is purely for propaganda purposes. All the sweets and luxuries they are supplying to West Berlin are sending a message. The allies are saying that their art of Berlin is better, living is better, you will get these luxuries, they are saying for everyone come on to their part of Berlin. Why do you hold this perspective? I hold this perspective because the Allies can fool everyone else with their thoughtful, caring airlift, but I know this is Just their plan to advertise their part of Berlin. This airlift though, the allies were managing to supply more than before because of this propaganda, I tried flying planes close to their planes but I knew that it was only a matter of time before something happened such as someone shooting a plane down ND then that would mean I declared an act of war, even though the airlift was an act of war, I couldn’t display this or a war would start. What actions did you take as a result of your perspective? The blockade had the potential to start another war, because of this I knew had to take the blockade down, although this pained me to do so, I knew I had to do it because the blockade was only benefiting the allies and sooner or later, an act of war would have occurred. None of us wanted a war so soon after WWW had ended. The results of another war would have been devastating for everyone. Also because of he new nuclear technology I believe that another war would completely demolish the world as we know it. What did you aim to achieve by blockading West Berlin? I was aiming for the allies to give in to my demands and give me their part of Berlin, if they gave me their part of Berlin, then I’d lift the blockade. One other thing I was trying to achieve was keeping Germany weak; I didn’t want their capitol to become so strong suddenly after WWW. If we kept giving them supplies then they would become strong again Just like after WWW, and they would start another war. What are your thoughts on the Berlin Wall? The Berlin wall was a very smart move by Nikkei Khrushchev. Although it wasn’t me who put up the Wall, I would have done the same thing if I was still leader. The Berlin Wall was an effective solution for separating the Berliners. It was a lot better than when there was Just barbed wire and guards guarding the border. The rate of West Berliners escaping to other parts of Berlin dropped drastically when the Wall was built in 1961. I am extremely glad that this decision to create the Wall was made; it separated the Berliners very well and meant they could not leave West Berlin and we How to cite Stalin and Clay Perspectives, Papers

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film Essay Example

Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film Essay Perspectives are subjective judgements on events, situations, and personalities that are informed by an amalgamation of an individual’s personal biases, motivations, and understandings. Conflict is therefore inevitable, following the relative nature of perspectives. As texts are inexorably linked to the perspectives of composers, they can be explored as representations of such idiosyncratic judgements. However, the composer’s ability to manipulate textual elements, respective of their medium, allows them to represent certain events, situations, or personalities selectively and thereby exploit the assumed veracity of any perspective. The malleable nature of perspectives and representations in texts can be explored through Ted Hughes’s 1984 poetic anthology Birthday Letters, Michael Moore’s 2004 documentary Fahrenheit 9/11, and Bernhard Schlink’s 1995 parable The Reader. Conflict arises from the inevitably biased representations within texts which composers can use to advocate a particular perspective. In ‘The Minotaur’, the lexical chain surrounding â€Å"smashed†, â€Å"hammer†, and â€Å"demented† create an atmosphere of violence which characterises Plath’s volatility, continuing the allusion of her â€Å"fury† as a â€Å"high velocity bullet† in ‘The Shot.’ Hughes evokes pathos through the sentimentality attached to his mother’s symbolic â€Å"heirloom sideboard†, effectively presenting himself as a victim of Plath’s volatility to oppose opinions of his detrimental effect on what he describes as the â€Å"goblin† that is Plath’s mentality; â€Å"So what had I given him?† His iniquitous portrayal of Plath is emphasised by the bathos as she was â€Å"demented by my being/twenty minutes late for baby-minding.† The subtle omission of her voice denies conflicting perspectives to oppose his despicable representation of her and allows him to continue it through the assonance of the ‘e’ sound in â€Å"left your mother a de We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Friday, March 20, 2020

Developing Cultural Identity and Unity in America essays

Developing Cultural Identity and Unity in America essays As British government controlled the thirteen colonies, Americans had begun to develop their own American culture. They sought to do all they could to decline rule, including protests and other acts of refusal. After unfair and unjust British laws, along with insufferable British rule, and the diversity in culture in America, they attained a new sense of identity and unity. Around 1763, these American colonies were brought under a British policy known as salutary neglect. This policy overlooked colonial violations of Britain's trade laws and allowed the colonies to govern themselves. Yet later on, British governments began to tax Americans for war debts and other expenses resulting from the French and Indian War. Thus, an emergence of Americans trying to protect their liberty. ...America is now most firmly united and as firmly resolved to defend their liberties...against every power...that may attempt to take them away. (Doc. C) These American colonists also demonstrated their disapproval to certain British government acts, such as the tea act through the Boston Tea Party, the stamp act through the Stamp Act Congress, and also the townshed acts through the Embargoes. They believed that the British trade laws and policies were unfair, and wanted to be represented in the English Parliament. They wanted no taxation without representation. The co lonists request was turned down and resulted in even harsher laws. As remarked by Edmond Burke, Govern America [?] as you govern an English town which happens not to be represented in Parliament [?] Are Gentlemen really serious when they propose this? (Doc. B) Despite the colonists in America rooting for independence from Britain, there were still people in the country who preferred to have English rule. These types of people were often called Tories, or loyalists. These loyalists did not want to abandon the...

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

How the 1947 Truman Doctrine Contained Communism

How the 1947 Truman Doctrine Contained Communism When President Harry S. Truman issued what came to be known as the Truman Doctrine in March 1947, he was outlining the basic foreign policy that the United States would use against the Soviet Union and Communism for the next 44 years. The doctrine, which had both economic and military elements, pledged support for countries attempting to hold back Soviet-style revolutionary Communism. It symbolized the United States post-World War II global leadership role. Countering Communism in Greece Truman formulated the doctrine in response to the Greek Civil War, which itself was an extension of World War II. German troops had occupied Greece since April 1941, but as the war progressed, Communist insurgents known as the National Liberation Front (or EAM/ELAS) challenged Nazi control. In October 1944, with Germany losing the war on both the western and eastern fronts, Nazi troops abandoned Greece. Soviet General Secretary Josef Stalin supported the EAM/LEAM, but he ordered them to stand down and let British troops take over Greek occupation to avoid irritating his British and American wartime allies. World War II had destroyed Greeces economy and infrastructure and created a political vacuum that Communists sought to fill. By late 1946, EAM/ELAM fighters, now backed by Yugoslav Communist leader Josip Broz Tito (who was no Stalinist puppet), forced war-weary England to commit as many as 40,000 troops to Greece to ensure it did not fall to Communism. Great Britain, however, was also financially strapped from World War II, and on February 21, 1947, it informed the United States that it was no longer able to financially sustain its operations in Greece. If the United States wanted to halt the spread of Communism into Greece, it would have to do so itself. Containment Halting the spread of Communism had, in fact, become the United States basic foreign policy. In 1946, American diplomat George Kennan, who was minister-counselor and chargà © daffaires at the American Embassy in Moscow, suggested that the United States could hold Communism at its 1945 boundaries with what he described as a patient and long-term containment of the Soviet system. While Kennan would later disagree with some elements of American implementation of his theory (such as involvement in Vietnam), containment became the basis of American foreign policy with Communist nations for the next four decades. The Doctrine to Stop Communism On March 12, Truman unveiled the Truman Doctrine in an address to the United States Congress. It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure, Truman said. He asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greek anti-communist forces, as well as for the defense of Turkey, which the Soviet Union was pressuring to allow joint control of the Dardanelles. In April 1948, Congress passed the Economic Cooperation Act, better known as the Marshall Plan. The plan was the economic arm of the Truman Doctrine. Named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall (who had been United States Army chief of staff during the war), the plan offered money to war-torn areas for the rebuilding of cities and their infrastructures. American policy-makers recognized that, without quick rebuilding of war damage, countries across Europe were likely to  turn to Communism.